Jatropha -the new age miracle plant

The value of Jatropha oil is globally being recognized as the most suitable Tree Borne Oil Seed for serving as an effectual biofuel, and as non-edible oil to be used as base in the manufacture of cosmetics, toiletries etc.

The oil impelled from the Jatropha plant is rich in palmatic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid. This plant thrives miraculously in practically every kind of otherwise infertile soil as the arid, gravelly, sandy, stony and saline wastelands at equal ease.

Jatropha oil can be realized from seeds following its crushing. It is estimated that one hectare plantation of Jatropha is capable of yielding approximately 1890 liters of biofuel which is much higher than the other conventional vegetable oils extractions.

Blending up to 20% of Jatropha oil or any other vegetable oil serving as Biodiesal oil as the rapeseed oil (Germany), soybeans oil (Brazil), palm oil, sunflower oil with mineral crude oil (B20%) can be used conveniently in any unmodified vehicular engines.

Successful endeavors are in progress by way of bringing about few minor structural alterations in the vehicular engine to be able to be used directly as an unblended yet efficient transport fuel.

The release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants as SO2, No2, and other toxic particulates in the atmosphere is minimal when Biodiesal blended fuel is employed. The left over seed mass can expediently be converted into green manure. Besides this Jatropha trees have many advantages

* Most countries have several million hectares of wastelands lying vacant. Trees like Jatropha can be grown with little investments and practically no maintenance cost. Another advantage of Jatropha plantation is that stray animals and cattle don't feed on it.

* Although a drought resistant plant, Jatropha plantation has a great deal of potential in reclaiming the lost fertility of soil and in the conservation of invaluable land resources by increasing its water retention capacity lost when the land lies barren. The plantation in arid zones goes milestones in controlling the instance of soil erosion.

* Biodiesal will have paramount impact in reducing the ever mounting financial burden on the exchequer especially in the developing countries and will help them in becoming self-reliant in future times to come.

* Jatropha plant will not only yield environmentally friendly fuel but will also give the much wanted employment to the rural population since its cultivation is labor intensive.

* The leaves of Jatropha plant have immense therapeutic importance and in preparation of dyes, latex for ink.

About the Author
Rosy Vohra works for buy sell old books the second hand books india You can contact her at rosy_vohra@rediffmail.com

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Bio-diesel as a possible answer to the energy crisis by Aarti Narang

Bio-diesel as a possible answer to the energy crisis

Man has realized since the last five or six decades that our planet's bounty is getting exhausted slowly but steadily. There are a lot of issues than man has brought in through his greed and unrestrained population explosion. This in turn has raised a number of issues regarding the non-renewable energy and resources such as potable water, coal, minerals and so on.

Man has already destroyed a lot of his environment and as a result has thrown nature out of balance. The planet has lost entire species of animals resulting in major break down in food chain. Entire forests have been turned into dessert areas due to over-abuse of wood resources bringing in the green-house effect. Side by side man has increased pollution to such an extent that even the ozone layer which is thousands of meters up in the sky has been broken down allowing the sun rays create havoc on earth.

There is a lot of harm that has been created. Man is now trying to find ways and means to protect what has remained of the planet; he is trying to make amends. These amends are specially done by protecting animals, the green cover of the earth and by trying to find alternative energy so as to be ready for the time when the natural fuel will run out.

A wonderful alternative at the horizon

One of these alternatives which have hit big way is the bio-diesel. The name is self-explanatory, i.e. diesel made out of biological means or plants. As a matter of fact all the fuel that man consumes today is also made with the help of plants. But this fuel has been compressed in the earth for eons to become coal, or crude oil that we transform into petrol, diesel and kerosene. With these sources diminishing at an alarming rate, any alternative or hope for alternative is promoted with great enthusiasm.

While searching for the best means for the next generation fuel, the jatropha tree has been stumbled upon. The scientific name of this tree is Jatropha curcas. The seeds of this tree are not used for any particular purpose. But the oil that is extracted from this can be slightly mixed with diesel and presto! You get a perfect bio-diesel. This can be used to run any machine; it has no pollutant emissions; no residue and is totally safe on the machinery. The waste product that results after the oil is extracted is made into an extremely potent fertilizer.

There are a number of countries who have launched full research on this plant, such as India, Indonesia, Mexico, Malaysia, Tanzania to name a few. The good news is that this tree has very few demands from earth or water and hence, in normal circumstances of moderate conditions, one hectare can produce close to five tones of seeds from which some 1500-2000 liters of bio-diesel can be safely produced. If this experiment will really hit off, it could be the best substitute to the fossil-based-fuel of today. And as it will be used more to replace the latter, the undeveloped countries too will get a chance to boost their economy with this wonder crop.

The advantages of using bio-diesel

The best part of the bio-diesel is that it is renewable. You can make as much as you want and whenever you want. The second and the most critical aspect is that it creates no pollution absolutely, which is very vital in today's environmental set up. The amount of carbon dioxide that this seed produces is negligible, and hence it will negate the greenhouse effect that has been initiated by burning the fossil-based-fuels.

The USA and Europe has already accepted the fact that the shift from the fossil-based-fuel and are planning to introduce it in the market big time in the next 5-10 years. Reports say that the European Union has already targeted for 2010 the use of 15 billion liters which could be worth more than US $5 billion.

The jatropha tree can provide a good income for the developing countries all over the world, by opening this new avenue for income. For underdeveloped countries and marginalized people this could mean the discovery of a fortune. Every hectare could yield upto US $2000/- which can prove of immense financial relief, employment and industrial development besides the fact that it will provide a clean and renewable alternative to fossil-based-fuel.

The jatropha seed bio-diesel boon or bane

Jatropha trees can grow on any type of soil. The waste product that results from oil extraction can be used as fertilizer. Besides, this material also acts as pest repellant. Jatropha seeds need the least energy as compared to soy or sunflower producing the same amount of diesel.

India is emerging as the leading producer of jatropha seeds and as a result, the highest producer of oil. There are other countries which are looking into this development and are planning to cash on the emerging possibility both for alternative fuel as well as means for development of a new cash crop.

There are other reports which deny the importance of jatropha as an emerging source for the next generation fuel, because it involves too much cost to produce in the long run. However, the comparative reports with other type of seeds have shown jatropha leading on all accounts. It does not need any special conditions and it gives good results from any type of soil.

There are other experiments whereby ethanol is mixed with the regular fossil-based-fuel to reduce the dependency of the world on this depleted source. Other sources are rape seed, corn, sugar and so on. Ethanol is really the most accepted bio-diesel today. However, the jatropha seed is the best alternative till date. It remains to be seen whether this wonder bush can really solve the crisis of the diminishing fossil-based-fuel or will create more problems while promoting an agriculture based economy which might not deliver its promise.

It is true that it is time to move away from take-take-take attitude that man has had till the recent past; but is the jatropha seed the answer? Time will only tell.

About the Author

I am a professional writer provide my SEO writing services to various commercial and educational websites on a variety of topics ranging from consumer-level to detailed documentation. My numerous articles offer valuable insights and tips coupled with new thoughts & crisp facts based on compelling ideas & research on typically confusing topics. I also have an experience in writing for magazines.

Global Warming: The Bio Fuel solution by Greenpages Global warming

Global Warming: The Bio Fuel solution by Greenpages Global warming
The recent furore over the Kyoto protocol pertaining to global climate change,
as well as the rising prices of fossil fuels has led India and other
developing countries to look for an ecological and economically viable
alternative. Several initiatives have been taken in recent times on the
energy front such as large scale promotion of wind energy farms for power
generation, blending of ethyl alcohol with petrol and developmental efforts
towards bio fuels. Impressed by the potential of Jatropha curcas, the Government of India and
the Planning Commission have been looking at the opportunity carefully.
Several reports have been prepared and organizations such as the Indian Oil
Corporation and Indian Railways, as well as several universities and private
institutions, have initiated technology development plans. The Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh governments have introduced schemes to encourage investment in
Jatropha plantations. Enthused by the government support, several individuals
and organizations have already started cultivating Jatropha in a big way.
Progress in India has been limited so far, though a serious effort, officials
say, would cut India's import dependence by as much as 10%. Small Indian
companies are already at it. Labland Biotech, for instance, has a long-term
contract with the UK-based global firm, DI Oils, to supply one crore Jatropha
plants a year for the next 10 years, besides supplying 10,000-50,000 tonnes
of Jatropha crude oil annually over the next 15 years. Farmers in Karnataka
and neighbouring states are being roped in through the contract farming route.
Reliance Industries is reported to have earmarked 200 acres of land in
Andhra Pradesh, which will be scaled up depending on the progress of the
project. Jatropha an indigenous oilseed tree and perennial crop, has the same
characteristics as diesel, and can be used neat or mixed with conventional
diesel. Jatropha, also known as the Physic Nut, is able to tolerate arid
climates, grows rapidly, is useful for a variety of products, requires
minimal inputs and reportedly stabilises or even reverses desertification. To
top it all, this is a clean fuel option. Sounds almost too good to be true, a
sustainable answer to India's peak oil problem, but is Jatropha really all it'
s cracked up to be? One of the chief concerns the world over is that
countries will start using already scarce food producing land to grow fuel
crops, causing major shortages in global food reserves. The Indian Government
has allayed these fears by categorically stating that no existing
agricultural land will be used to grow Jatropha or any other fuel crop.
Another major international anxiety is that forests will be cut down and "
reforested" with feedstock for bio fuels, causing untold damage to fragile
ecosystems and large scale destruction of diverse species. The National
Mission on Bio-Diesel aims at bringing 4 lakh hectares of land under
plantation; sadly half of the land slated for Jatropha plantation is forested
land. "Reforesting" already forested land with Jatropha will destroy much of
India's rich ecological heritage. One of Jatropha's major claims to fame is it's resistance to draught, while
this is true in essence, the plant can survive for up to two years in the
absence of water, it does not yield except under optimal irrigation. Though
Jatropha can be grown on barren or waste land it can only produce fruit if
the soil is fertilized. Not much is known about the susceptibility of
Jatropha to pests and diseases. However its toxic nature would imply that any
pests that managed to survive on the plant would be especially virulent and
the pesticides required might cause irreparable damage to the ecology. An oft
repeated chant of bio fuel enthusiasts is large scale economic gains for
small scale rural farmers as well as vast employment opportunities which will
eventually eradicate rural poverty. However the main criticism of the
Horticulture Program and Jatropha in general is that it has
disproportionately benefited the non-poor sections of rural population.
Farmers with small holdings who do not have irrigation facilities and have
limited economic capabilities are unable to grow enough of the crop for it to
be economically viable, opening the door to exploitation by large
corporations and farmers with large holdings. The absence of adequate
facilities in India for conversion of Jatropha seed oil into bio fuel is
another issue. At the moment the largest producer of Jatropha, D1 oils ships
all the seeds to the UK, using more diesel in the process than they currently
produce. In addition the Jatropha plant grows for five years before it begins
to yield, in five years perhaps India will have met the current bio diesel
generation targets, but by then energy demands will have increased ten-fold. In light of all these rather alarming factors it has become increasingly
obvious that the government needs to rethink its bio diesel strategy in
favour of something more practical to the Indian scenario. Often the
strongest argument against doing something is that others are doing something
different. But this is not applicable to the search for new sources of energy.
Other countries are exploring other paths because they face a different set
of constraints. The West, for instance, is placing its short-term bets on
ethanol because it has a surplus of productive capacity in agriculture. It is
placing its long-term bets on hydrogen fuel cells because it knows that it
cannot grow enough biomass to meet the whole of its transport fuel needs when
the oil runs out. We, however, will not get to that point for several decades.
We also face the challenges of rural poverty and environmental degradation
that they have largely overcome. There are no quick fix solutions to India's
mounting list of energy related problems and bio fuels are not the all
inclusive solution our government seems to think it is. We need to carefully
consider all the cultural and socio-economic factors that make our country
unique and find our own path to an ecologically sound, energy efficient
future. http://www.globalwarming.ie http://www.globalwarming.ie/green-pages/
About the Author
Affecting every corner of the globe, the phenomenon of global warming is irrevocably changing our planet, and life as we know it will never be the same. The time for relying on governments to solve this immense problem has long since passed.It is now the undeniable duty of every individual to start making a difference and join the fight. At Global Warming we seek to provide information that will help people make that difference.

American Fruit Trees, Nut Trees, Berry Plants, Grapevines, And Native Plants Promoted By Thomas Jefferson

American Fruit Trees, Nut Trees, Berry Plants, Grapevines, And Native Plants Promoted By Thomas Jefferson by Pat Malcolm

Thomas Jefferson was the United States minister to France following the great American, Benjamin Franklin in 1785. While acting as the French minister to the United States, Jefferson surveyed crops of agriculture in France searching for fruit trees, nut trees, grape vines, berry plants, and many other potentially useful crops that might be commercially grown in the United States. Many of these seed plants and trees were exported to the American colonists and planters for experimental growing on United States farms and plantations. In exchange to the French, many native plants of the United States were exported to France and Europe for testing. Plants and trees such as red, and black raspberries, scuppernong grapevines, muscadine grape vines, pecan tree seed, Citrus seed, and plants such as mutated cultivars of orange, lime, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon, and tangerine, that centuries before had been introduced by the Spanish colonists into Florida from Europe and Africa. Grains such as corn and the famous American tobacco products were also favorite imports to Europe. The Indian Blood peach tree produced exceptional fruit, even from planted seed, and American grapevines, wild plum and cherry trees were used as root stock for grafting fruit trees and grapevines. Mulberry trees, pawpaw trees, and strawberry plants were also exciting new plant introductions into Europe. American native nut trees such as the American chestnut, Castanea dentata, and the Chinquapin nut, Castanea pumila, as well as many species of Hickory trees, Pecan trees (Carya illinoinenis), several species of walnut trees including Juglans nigra, and the American filbert, Corylus americana (Hazlenut) were all received for commercial agricultural testing in European countries.
Thomas Jefferson made a note on his plant interests to the State of Virginia in the year 1787 #VI, "A notice of the mines and other subterranean riches, its trees, plants, fruits, etc." with his interests in "the orchards produce apples, pears, cherries, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds, and plumbs." Thomas Jefferson was also a learned botanist who could intelligently discuss the fruit trees, berry plants, grapevines, and nut trees in the Latinzed, scientific language with the agricultural elite authorities of his time. In his writing to the state of Virginia, he wrote: "Scarlet strawberries, Fragaria Virginiana of Millar; Whortleberries, Vaccinium uliginosum; Wild gooseberies, Ribes grossularia; Cranberries, Vaccinium oxycoccus; Black raspberries, Rubus occidentalis; Blackberries, Rubus fruticosus; Dewberries, Rubus caesius; Cloud-berries, Rubus chamaemorus."
About native wild and escaped plants, trees, and vines, Jefferson reported on wild fruits like Elderberry, Elder, Sambucus nigra; Papaw, Annona triloba" and the mulberry, proper for its food, grows kindly, pomegranates and figs. Wild cherry, Prunus Virginiana, Cherokee plumb, Punus sylvestris fructu majori, Wild plumb, Prunus sylvestris fructu minori, Clayton, Wild crab-apple, Pyrus coronaria; red mulberry, Morus rubra; Persimmon, Diospyros Virginiana.
Thomas Jefferson had a great interest in timber trees from which lumber was made into dwellings, furniture, tools, fuel, etc. He reported: "Black birch, Betula nigra; White birch, Betula alba; Beach, Fagus sylvatica; Ash, Fraxinus Americana; Fraxinus Novae Angliae, Millar; Elm, Ulmus Americana, Willow, Salix Query species?; Sweet Gum, Liquidamber styaciflua. Plane-tree, Platanus cooidentalis; Poplar liriodendron tulipifera; Populus heterophylla; Black poplar, Populus nigra; Aspen, Populus tremulus; Linden or lime, Tilia Americana; Red flowering maple, Acer rubrum; Horse-chestnut, or Buck's-eye, Aesculus pavia; Catalpa, Bignonia catalpa; Umbrella, Magnolia tripetala; Swamp laurel, Magnolia glauca; Cucumber-tree, Magnolia acuminata; Portugal bay, Laurus indica; Red Bay, Laurus borbonia; Dwarf-rose bay, Rhododendron maxiumum; Laurel of the Western country, Qu. species?"
A group of smaller trees reported by Jefferson was "Holly, Ilex aquifolium, Cockspur hawthorn, Crataegus coccinea; Spindle-tree, Euronymus Europaeus; Evergreen spindle tree, Euonymus Americanus; Candleberry myrtle, Myrica cerifera."
Oak trees were valuable to the early colonists for use in building houses, furniture, tools and fuels, Jefferson listed these as: "Black Oak, Quercus nigra; White Oak, Quercus alba; Red oak, Quercus rubra; Willow Oak, Quercus phellos; Chestnut Oak, Quercus prinus; Black jack Oak, Quercus aquatica, Clayton, Query?; Ground Oak, Quercus pumila, Clayton; Live Oak, Quercus Virginiana, Millar;
Many flowering trees were planted in Thomas Jefferson's garden estate at Monticello, such as Dogwood trees, Grancy Greybeard, Redbud tree and Locust trees listed as: "Wild pimento, Laurus benzoin; Sassafras, Laurus sassafras; Locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia; Honey-locust, Gleiditsia la; Dogwood, Cornus florida; Fringe or snowdrop tree, Chionanthus virginica; Redbud, or Judas-tree, Cercis, canadensis."
The importance of evergreens was obvious to Thomas Jefferson, and he listed them as: "Black or pitch-pine, Pinus taeda; White pine, Pinus strobus; Yellow pine, Pinus Virgincia; Spruce pine, Pinus foliis singularibus, Clayton; Hemlock spruce fir, Pinus Canadensis; Aborvitae , Thuya occidentalis; Juniper, Juniperus virginica (called cedar with us) Cypress Cupressus disticha; White cedar, Cupressus Thyoides."
Jefferson reported that many cash agricultural crops of America were of native or mysterious origin that included: "Tobacco, Nicotiana; Maize, Zea Mays; Round potatoes, Solanum tuberosum; Pumpkins, (Squash) Cucurbita pepo; Cymlings, Cucurbita verrucosa; Squashes, Cucurbita melopepo"
Besides the production of crops from native plants, Jefferson wrote that American farms produced: "wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, broom corn, and Indian corn, rice, tobacco, hemp, flax, cotton and indigo."
Long and the round potatoes, "turnips, carrots, parsneps, pumpkins, ground nuts." Ground nuts were today's peanut, Arachis hypogaea.
Thomas Jefferson listed many grasses and grains in his report to include: "Lucerne, St. Foin, Burnet, Timothy, ray and orchard grass, red, white and yellow clover, greenswerd, blue grass, and crab grass, Panic, Panicum of many species; Indian millet, Holcus laxus; Holcus striosus; Wild oat, Zizania aquatica; Wild pea, Dolichas of Clayton; Lupine, Lupinus perennis; Wild hop, Humulus lupulus."
Thomas Jefferson reported that American gardens were producing in the year 1787; "Musk melons, water melons, tomatas, okra, pomegranates, figs, and the esculent plants of Europe, Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus; Long potatoes, Convolvulas batatas;"
Various ornamental plants such as flowering Sweetshrub, Poke Weed Salad, Passion Flower, Jerusalem Artichoke and Tuckshoe were: "Upright honeysuckle, Azalea nudiflora; Calycanthus floridus; American aloe, Agave Virginica; Sumach Rhus, Qu species?; Poke, Phytolacca decandra; Itea Virginica; Granadillas, Maycocks, Maracocks, Passiflora incarnata; Tuchahoe, Lycoperdon tuber."
Thomas Jefferson reported useful vines: "Ivy, Hedera quinquefolia, Trumpet honeysuckle, Yellow jasmine, Bignonia sempervirens." and the seemingly insignificant "Long Moss, Tillandsia Usneoides"
Medicinal herbs such as Datura, Marshmallow, Ginseng and Jimson Weed were reported along with: "Senna, Cassia Ligustrina; Arsmart, Polygonum Sagittatum; Clivers, or goose-grass, Galium spurium; Lobelia of several species; Palma Christi, Ricinus; James-town weed, Datura Stramonium; Mallow, Mallow rotundifolia; Syrian mallow, Hibiscus moschentos; Hibiscus virginicus; Indian mallow, Sida rhombifolia; Sida abutilon; Virginia Marshmallow, Napaea hermaphrodita; Napaea dioica; Indian physic, Spiraea trifoliata; Euphoria Ipecacuanhae; Pleurisy root, Asclepias decumbens, Virginia snake-root, Aristolochia serpentaria, Black snake-root, Actaea racemosa; Seneca rattlesnake-root, Polygala Senega; Valerian, Valeriana locusta radiata; Gentiana Saponaria, Villosa and Centaurium; Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium; Angelica, Angelica sylvestris; Casava, Jatropha urens."
Thomas Jefferson was an amazing man with a genius and intelligence that helped to make the United States a great nation, not only because of his political contribution as a formulator of the United States Constitution, as a great United States minister to France and the third President of the United States, but Jefferson also was an accomplished writer and farmer.
About the Author
Visit TyTy Nursery to purchase the trees mentioned in this article, or many others that you may be looking for!

Links

Links
www.svlele.com Homepage von Dr. Satish Lele, Bangalore. Sehr ausführliche Informationen über Jatropha-Produktion, Projekte , Forschungen in Indien. Enthält eine Liste mit Kontaktdaten von internationalen Käufern von Jatropha-Produkten. www.jatropha.de Homepage von Dr. Reinhard Henning, Deutschland. Reinhard Henning forscht und arbeitet seit den achtziger Jahren an erneuerbaren Energien und leitete in den neunziger Jahren für die GTZ Jatropha - Entwicklungsprojekte in Westafrika. www.jatrophaworld.org Homepage des Centre for Jatropha Promotion & Biodiesel (CSP), Rajasthan, Indien. Ein indisches Expertenteam, das mit Reinhard Henning zusammenarbeitet. Angeboten werden grundlegende Informationen, konkrete Projektberatung bis zur Lieferung von Saatgut und Materialien für den Start einer Produktion. www.fairtradefuel.org Fair Trade Fuel (Cameroon) ist eine Gesellschaft zur Förderung, Produktion und Vermarktung von Bio-Treibstoffen aus Jatropha curcas L. mit einem deutschen (AETRA GmbH) und einem einheimischen Teilhaber (MTS Cameroon) .

www.aetra.de Die AETRA GmbH (Paderborn, Deutschland) ist eine Technologie- und Beratungsfirma, die sich auf die Umstellung von Maschinenparks auf Pflanzenölbetrieb und andere Bio-Treibstoffe spezialisiert hat. Ausserdem bietet AETRA Beratung beim Bau von Ölmühlen an. www.d1plc.com D1 Oils beschreibt sich selbst als globaler Biodiesel-Produzent mit Sitz in Grossbritannien. D1 Oils betreibt Plantagen, Ölmühlen und Biodiesel-Raffinerien in Indien, Süd-Afrika, Südost-Asien, Australien und Neuseeland.

Beispiel: Mali

Beispiel: Mali

1993 startete die deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) ein Entwicklungsprojekt in Mali, das sich auf die Nutzung von Jatropha c. stützte. Ziele des Programms waren: 1. Einführung erneuerbarer Energie 2. Erosionsschutz und Verbesserung der Ackerböden 3. Frauenförderung 4. Armutsbekämpfung in ländlichen Regionen ad 1: Jatropha c-Öl wurde erfolgreich als Treibstoff für einfache maschinengetriebene Ölpressen, Getreidemühlen und Wasserpumpen eingeführt. ad 2: Jatropha- Hecken vermindern die Winderosion der Äcker und halten Tiere fern. Der Presskuchen, der bei der Ölherstellung anfällt, kann als Dünger verwendet werden. ad 3+4: Jatropha-c.-Öl wird in Mali seit jeher von Frauen zu traditionellen Medizinen und zu Seife verarbeitet. Die Möglichkeit, Maschinen in den Produktionsprozess zu integrieren, ohne für den Treibstoff cash bezahlen zu müssen, steigerte Produktivität und Einkommen. siehe auch: www.jatropha.org

Example: Mali

Example: Mali

In 1993, the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) started a development project in Mali based on the usage of Jatropha c. The targets of the programme were: 1. Introduction of renewable energy
1. Erosion protection and increase of soil quality
1. Promotion of women
1. Poverty reduction in rural areas ad
1: Jatropha c-oil was successfully introduced as fuel for simple engine-driven oil-presses, grain mills and water pumps. ad

2: Jatropha- hedges reduce wind erosion of the soil and keep off animals . The press cake, by-product of the oil production, can be used as fertilizer. ad 3+4: Jatropha-c.-oil has been traditionally used by women to manufacture medicines and soap. Integrating machines into the production process without having to pay cash for the fuel increased productivity and income . also look at:

www.jatropha.org

Tree Seeds Catalog

Tree Seeds Catalog by goldie

We offer folowing propagation material for tree,shrub and timber species: Write to

treeseeds@operamail.com treeseeds@rediffmail.com Tel: 911352715222 Fax: 911352715222

Catalog de Semillas
Species /Seed Collection Month

S. No. Species Seed Collection Time 01. Acacia Arabica (a.nilotica) Apr-May 02. Acacia Arabica var cupressiformis May-Jun 03. Acacia Auriculaeformis Feb-Apr 04. Acacia catechu Jan-Feb 05. Acacia Dealbata Dec-Jan 06. Acacia Decurrens Nov-Jan 07. Acacia Farnesiana Apr-May 08. Acacia Ferruginea (a.lenticularis) Apr-May 09. Acacia Mearnsii (a.mollissima) Nov-Jan 10. Acacia Melanoxylon Mar-Apr 11. Acacia Planiforns (umbrella thorn) Apr-May 12. Acacia Senegal Jun-Jul 13. Acacia Suma (a.camplacantha) Mar-May 14. Acacia Tortalis(a.radianna) May-Jun 15. Acer Oblongum Aug-Oct 16. Acrocarpus Fraxinifolious Apr-May 17. Adenanthera Pavoniana Jun-Jul 18. Adina Cordifolia Sep-Oct 19. Aegle Marmelos Apr-May 20. Aeculus Assamica Sep-Nov

21. Aesculus indica (Indian horse chestnut) Sep-Nov 22. Ailanthus Excelsa May-Jun 23. Albizzia Amara April 24. Albizzia Julibrissin Sep-Oct 25. Albizzia Lebbeck Dec-Feb 26. Albizzia Lucida - 27. Albizzia Moluccana (a.falcata) Sep-Oct 28. Albizzia Odoratissima Apr- May 29. Albizzia Procera Mar-Apr 30. Albizzia Richardina Feb-Mar 31. Albizzia Stipulata (a.chinesis) Dec-Jan 32. Aleurites fordii (tung oil tree) - 33. Aleurites Montana (wood oil tree of India) - 34. Alnus nitida Nov-Dec 35 Alnus nepalensis Dec-Jan 36. Alstonia scholaris Mar-Apr 37. Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) Apr-May 38. Anogeissus latifolia (axlewood) Apr-May 39. Anogeissus pendula Feb-Mar 40. Annona squamosa (custard apple) May-Jun

41. Anthocephalus indicus (a.cadamba) Jan-Feb 42. Antigonon leptopus Oct-Nov 43. Azadirachta indica July 44. Barringtonia acutangula Jul-Aug 45. Bassia latifolia (madhuca indica) May-June 46. Bauhinia malabarica Feb-Mar 47. Bauhinia purpurea Mar-Apr 48. Bauhinia retusa Feb-Mar 49. Bauhinia vahili Jan-Feb 50. Bauhinia variegata Apr-May 51. Betula utilis - 52. Bischofia javanica Apr-May 53. Bixa orellana - 54. Bombax ceiba (b.malabaricum) Apr-May 55. Boswellia serrata Jul-Aug 56. Broussonetia papyrifera Apr-May 57. Butea frondosa (b.monosperma) May-Jun 58. Caesalpina pulcherrima Sep-Dec 59. Callistemon lanceolatus (c.vaminalis) [bottle brush] Jul-Aug 60. Callistemon rigidus May-Jun

61. Camellia sinensis Sep-Oct 800 62. Cassia alata Jun-Jul 30000 63. Cassia anguistifolia Apr-Jun 22000 64. Cassia auriculata Apr-Jun 20000 65. Cassia fistula Mar-Apr 5050 66. Cassia glauca Nov-Dec 67. Cassia grandis Mar-Apr 68. Cassia javanica Mar-Apr 69. Cassia laevigata Jan-Feb 70. Cassia marginata Mar-Apr 71. Cassia multijuga - 72. Cassia nodosa Mar-Apr 73. Cassia renigera Mar-Apr 74. Cassia siamea (c.florida) Jan-Mar 75. Cassia spectabilis

(goldenwonder) - 76. Castenea sativa (c.vulgaris) Sep-Oct 77. Casuarina equisetfolia Aug-Sep 78. Cedrella serrata Sep-Oct 79. Cedrella toona (toona cliata) May-Jun 80. Celtis Australis Nov-Dec

81. Chukrassia tabularis Dec-Jan 82. Chorisia speciousus - 83. Ceiba pentandra Apr-May 84. Cinnamonum camphora Jul-Aug 85. Clitoria ternatea Sep-Oct 86. Coliviliea racemosa Jan-Mar 87. Cordia dichotoma (c.myxa) May-Jul 88. Cordia wallichii (c.oblique) May-Jul 89. Corylus colurna (Himalayan hazel) Sep-Oct 90. Craetagus oxycantha Sep-Oct 91. Crotalaria juncae Apr-May 92. Dalbergia assamica - 93. Dalbergia latifolia (the rosewood) Dec-Feb 94. Dalbergia sisoo Dec-Feb 95. Datura Fastusa - 96. Delonix Regia (Poinciana regia) Jan-Mar 97. Derris robusta - 98. Dillenia indica Jan-Mar 99. Diospyros melanoxylon Apr-May 100. Dodonea viscose Jun-Jul
101. Elaeocarpus ganitrus Jun-Jul 102. Emblica officianalis Jan-Feb 103. Entrolobium timbovva Oct-Nov 104. Erythrina blackii - 105. Erythrina crista galli - 106. Erythrina indica (coral tree) May-Jun 107. Eucalytus camaldulensis (e.rostrata) - [red gum] May-Sep 108. Eucalyptus Citriodora (lemon scented gum) May-Aug 109. Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) May-Aug 110. Eucalyptus grandis May-Aug 111. Eucalyptus hybrid May-Sep 112. Eucalyptus robusta (iron bark) May-Aug 113. Eucalyptus tereticornis (grey gum) May-Sep 114. Eugenia jambolana May-Jun 115. Exbucklandia populanea Dec-Jan 116. Ficus benegalensis (the banyan tree) Apr-Jun 117. Ficus benjamina (j.willow) May-Jul 118. Ficus Infectoria (f.lacer) Apr-Jun 119. Ficus Krishnae Apr-Jun 120. Ficus Racemosa Mar-Jun

121. Ficus Religiosa Mar-May 122. Ficus Retusa - 123. Fraxinus floribunda Sep-Oct 124. Gliricidia maculata (g. sepium) Apr-Jun 125. Gmelina arborea May-Jun 126. Grevellia robusta May-Jun 127. Grewia asiatica Apr-May 128. Grewia oppositifolia Oct-Nov 129. Hardwickia binata Apr-May 130. Holarrhena antidynterica Jul-Aug 131. Holoptelia intrigifolia May-Jul 132. Inga dulces Jun-Jul 133. Ipomea palmate Jul-Aug 134. Jacranda mimosaefolia Nov-Feb 135.

Jasminium officinale Jun-Jul 136. Jatropha curcas - 137. Juglans regia Oct-Nov 138. Juglans tibetica Sep-Oct 139. Kigelia pinnata Nov-Dec 140. Koelrauterae apiculata Jan-Feb
141. Kydia calycina Feb-Mar 142. Lagerstromea flosreginae (l.speciosa) Oct-Dec 143.

Lagerstromea Indica Sep-Oct 144. Lagerstromea Parvifolia Oct-Nov 145. Lagerstromea Thoreilli Nov-Dec 146. Lantana camara Sep-Oct 147. Lawsonia alba Jun-Jul 148. Leucaena leucocephala (native variety) Jun-Aug 149. Leucana leucocephala (hawaiin k-8) Jul-Aug 150.

Madhuca indica May-Jun 151. Mangifera indica Jun-Aug 152. Mallotus phillipinesis Mar-Apr 153. Medicago sativa - 154. Melia azedrach Dec-Jan 155. Melia composita (m.dubia) Jan-Feb 156. Mesua ferea Dec-Jan 157. Michelia alba - 158. Michelia Champaca Aug-Sep 159. Michelia Ovalifolia Jul-Sep 160. Millingtonia hortensis Oct-Dec

161. Mimosa pudiga Sep-Oct 162. Mimusops elangi Apr-May 163. Mimusops hexandra Jun-Jul 164. Mitragyna parviflora Nov-Jan 165. Moringa pterygosperma (m.olifera) May-Jun 166.

Morus alba (white mulberry) Apr-May 167. Morus Indica Apr-May 168. Morus Nigra Apr-May 169. Morus Serrata Apr-Jun 170. Murraya exotica Aug-Sep 171. Nactanthes arboristis Nov-Dec 172. Nepthelium litchee Jun-Jul 173. Ordxylum indicum Dec-Mar 174. Ougeinia dalbergiodes Jun-Jul 175. Parkia bigalandulosa Apr-May 176. Parkia roxburghaii (P. javanica) Apr-May 177. Parkinsonia aculeate May-Jun 178. Peltophorum ferrugineum (p. pterocarpus) Dec-Jan 179. Phyllanthus emblica (p. officinalis) Jan-Feb 180. Picea morinda (p.smithiana) Sep-Oct
181. Pithecolobium dulces Jun-Jul 182. Pithecolobium saman (raintree) May-Jun 183.

Podocarpus gracilior Aug-Sep 184. Poinciana regia (delonix regia) Jan-Mar 185. Polyalthia longifolia Jul-Aug 186. Polyalthia longifolia var pendula Jul-Aug 187. Pongomia pinnata (p.glabra) Jan-Feb 188. Prosopis cineraria (p.specigera) Apr-Jun 189. Prosopis juliflora (p.chinensis) Apr-Jun 190. Prunus paddus (p.cerasoides) Apr-May 191. Prunus Paddum Apr-Jun 192. Pterocarpus marsupium Jun-Jul 193. Pterocarpus acerifolioum Jan-Feb 194. Pinica granatum Dec-Jan 195. Putranjiva roxburghaii (child life tree) Jan-Feb 196. Quercus incana Oct-Nov 197. Quercus serrata Sep-Oct 198. Rauwolfia serpentina Jul-Aug 199. Ravenala madagascariensis - 200. Ricinus communis Jun-Jul

201. Robinia pseudoacacia (locust tree) Oct-Nov 202. Salmalia malabaricum Apr-May 203. Santalum album May-Jun 204. Sapindus muckrosii (the soapnut tree) Oct-Nov 205. Sapium sebiferum Sep-Oct 206. Saraca indica (s.osaca) Jun-Aug 207. Scheleichera trijuga (s.deosa) Aug-Sep 208. Sesbania aculeate Sep-Nov 209. Sesbania Aegyptica May-Jun 210. Sesbania Grandiflora Jun-Jul 211. Shorea robusta - 212. Spathodia compunalata (s.nilotica) Apr-May 213. Sterculia alata Feb-Apr 214. Strychnos nux-vomica Apr-Jun 215. Swietinia macrophylla Mar-May 216. Swietinia mahogani Mar-Apr 217. Tamarindus indica Jun-Jul 218. Taxodium mucronatum Aug-Oct 219. Taxus baccata - - - 220. Tecoma argentea - - - -

221. Tecoma stans Dec-Jan 222. Tecoma undulata - 223. Tectona grandis (the Indian teak tree) Dec-Jan 224. Tectona grandis (pre-treated) - 225. Terminalia arjuna Jan-Feb 226. Terminalia Bellarica Jan-Feb 227. Terminalia Catappa Aug-Oct 228. Terminalia Chebula Feb-Mar 229.

Terminalia Myriocarpa Jan-Feb 230. Terminalia Tomentosa Feb-Apr 231. Thespesia populanea May-Jun 232. Thevitia nerifolia Aug-Sep 233. Trewia nudiflora Sep-Oct 234. Tabubea avlandi - 235. Tabubea rosea - 236. Vinca rosea (white) May-Jun 237. Vinca rosea (pink) - 238. Wrightia ticntoria Sep-Oct 239. Wrightia tomentosa Sep-Oct 40. Zyzyphus Jujuba Feb-Mar 241.

Zyzyphus Numularia Feb-Mar 242. Zyzyphus Mauritiana Feb-Mar

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Biodiesel The Alternative Fuel

Biodiesel The Alternative Fuel

What Is Biodiesel?

Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils. Rapeseed and soybean oils are the most commonly used, although other vegetables oils such as mustard, palm oil, hemp and jatropha have been tried and seem to show a lot of potential. These are listed or called Virgin Oil Feedstock.

Then we have the waste vegetable oils which are byproducts from animal fats like tallow, lard and yellow grease. It is suggested by many that waste vegetable oil is the best source of oil to produce biodiesel.

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative to the petroleum diesel we use today which as higher emissions that pollute our towns, cities and environment.
Biodiesel however is old news in one sense because Dr Rudolf Diesel the inventor of the diesel engine was showing his newly invented engine at the Paris exhibition, it was running on peanut oil.

During a speech at the same exhibition he was quoted as saying "the diesel engine can be fed with vegetable oils and will help considerably in the development of the agriculture of the countries which use it." So it seems that the diesel engine was designed to run on biodiesel fuel right from the beginning.

Biodiesel is a clean burning fuel which would reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of todays vehicles by up to 100%. Biodiesel is also biodegradable and non-toxic.

The use of biodiesel is definitely becoming more popular in America and the UK, more and more petrol stations are beginning to sell biodiesel in the UK. Even celebrities like Willy Nelson, is not only using it to run his tour buses, he as also opened a chain of petrol stations to sell biodiesel too.

So to summarize some of the benefits of using biodiesel:

1. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel.
2. It is a clean burning fuel.
3. It will reduce carbon dioxide emissions
4. Biodiesel is made from waste vegetable oils

About the Author


Malcolm Moorhouse www.biodiesel-site.com info@biodiesel-site.com

Tree Seeds Catalog

Tree Seeds Catalog

We offer folowing propagation material for tree,shrub and timber species: Write to treeseeds@operamail.com treeseeds@rediffmail.com Tel: 911352715222 Fax: 911352715222
Catalog de Semillas

Species /Seed Collection Month

S. No. Species Seed Collection Time 01. Acacia Arabica (a.nilotica) Apr-May 02. Acacia Arabica var cupressiformis May-Jun 03. Acacia Auriculaeformis Feb-Apr 04. Acacia catechu Jan-Feb 05. Acacia Dealbata Dec-Jan 06. Acacia Decurrens Nov-Jan 07. Acacia Farnesiana Apr-May 08. Acacia Ferruginea (a.lenticularis) Apr-May 09. Acacia Mearnsii (a.mollissima) Nov-Jan 10. Acacia Melanoxylon Mar-Apr 11. Acacia Planiforns (umbrella thorn) Apr-May 12. Acacia Senegal Jun-Jul 13. Acacia Suma (a.camplacantha) Mar-May 14. Acacia Tortalis(a.radianna) May-Jun 15. Acer Oblongum Aug-Oct 16. Acrocarpus Fraxinifolious Apr-May 17. Adenanthera Pavoniana Jun-Jul 18. Adina Cordifolia Sep-Oct 19. Aegle Marmelos Apr-May 20. Aeculus Assamica Sep-Nov

21. Aesculus indica (Indian horse chestnut) Sep-Nov 22. Ailanthus Excelsa May-Jun 23. Albizzia Amara April 24. Albizzia Julibrissin Sep-Oct 25. Albizzia Lebbeck Dec-Feb 26. Albizzia Lucida - 27. Albizzia Moluccana (a.falcata) Sep-Oct 28. Albizzia Odoratissima Apr- May 29. Albizzia Procera Mar-Apr 30. Albizzia Richardina Feb-Mar 31. Albizzia Stipulata (a.chinesis) Dec-Jan 32. Aleurites fordii (tung oil tree) - 33. Aleurites Montana (wood oil tree of India) - 34. Alnus nitida Nov-Dec 35 Alnus nepalensis Dec-Jan 36. Alstonia scholaris Mar-Apr 37. Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) Apr-May 38. Anogeissus latifolia (axlewood) Apr-May 39. Anogeissus pendula Feb-Mar 40. Annona squamosa (custard apple) May-Jun

41. Anthocephalus indicus (a.cadamba) Jan-Feb 42. Antigonon leptopus Oct-Nov 43. Azadirachta indica July 44. Barringtonia acutangula Jul-Aug 45. Bassia latifolia (madhuca indica) May-June 46. Bauhinia malabarica Feb-Mar 47. Bauhinia purpurea Mar-Apr 48. Bauhinia retusa Feb-Mar 49. Bauhinia vahili Jan-Feb 50. Bauhinia variegata Apr-May 51. Betula utilis - 52. Bischofia javanica Apr-May 53. Bixa orellana - 54. Bombax ceiba (b.malabaricum) Apr-May 55. Boswellia serrata Jul-Aug 56. Broussonetia papyrifera Apr-May 57. Butea frondosa (b.monosperma) May-Jun 58. Caesalpina pulcherrima Sep-Dec 59. Callistemon lanceolatus (c.vaminalis) [bottle brush] Jul-Aug 60. Callistemon rigidus May-Jun

61. Camellia sinensis Sep-Oct 800 62. Cassia alata Jun-Jul 30000 63. Cassia anguistifolia Apr-Jun 22000 64. Cassia auriculata Apr-Jun 20000 65. Cassia fistula Mar-Apr 5050 66. Cassia glauca Nov-Dec 67. Cassia grandis Mar-Apr 68. Cassia javanica Mar-Apr 69. Cassia laevigata Jan-Feb 70. Cassia marginata Mar-Apr 71. Cassia multijuga - 72. Cassia nodosa Mar-Apr 73. Cassia renigera Mar-Apr 74. Cassia siamea (c.florida) Jan-Mar 75. Cassia spectabilis

(goldenwonder) - 76. Castenea sativa (c.vulgaris) Sep-Oct 77. Casuarina equisetfolia Aug-Sep 78. Cedrella serrata Sep-Oct 79. Cedrella toona (toona cliata) May-Jun 80. Celtis Australis Nov-Dec

81. Chukrassia tabularis Dec-Jan 82. Chorisia speciousus - 83. Ceiba pentandra Apr-May 84. Cinnamonum camphora Jul-Aug 85. Clitoria ternatea Sep-Oct 86. Coliviliea racemosa Jan-Mar 87. Cordia dichotoma (c.myxa) May-Jul 88. Cordia wallichii (c.oblique) May-Jul 89. Corylus colurna (Himalayan hazel) Sep-Oct 90. Craetagus oxycantha Sep-Oct 91. Crotalaria juncae Apr-May 92. Dalbergia assamica - 93. Dalbergia latifolia (the rosewood) Dec-Feb 94. Dalbergia sisoo Dec-Feb 95. Datura Fastusa - 96. Delonix Regia (Poinciana regia) Jan-Mar 97. Derris robusta - 98. Dillenia indica Jan-Mar 99. Diospyros melanoxylon Apr-May 100. Dodonea viscose Jun-Jul
101. Elaeocarpus ganitrus Jun-Jul 102. Emblica officianalis Jan-Feb 103. Entrolobium timbovva Oct-Nov 104. Erythrina blackii - 105. Erythrina crista galli - 106. Erythrina indica (coral tree) May-Jun 107. Eucalytus camaldulensis (e.rostrata) - [red gum] May-Sep 108. Eucalyptus Citriodora (lemon scented gum) May-Aug 109. Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) May-Aug 110. Eucalyptus grandis May-Aug 111. Eucalyptus hybrid May-Sep 112. Eucalyptus robusta (iron bark) May-Aug 113. Eucalyptus tereticornis (grey gum) May-Sep 114. Eugenia jambolana May-Jun 115. Exbucklandia populanea Dec-Jan 116. Ficus benegalensis (the banyan tree) Apr-Jun 117. Ficus benjamina (j.willow) May-Jul 118. Ficus Infectoria (f.lacer) Apr-Jun 119. Ficus

Krishnae Apr-Jun 120. Ficus Racemosa Mar-Jun

121. Ficus Religiosa Mar-May 122. Ficus Retusa - 123. Fraxinus floribunda Sep-Oct 124. Gliricidia maculata (g. sepium) Apr-Jun 125. Gmelina arborea May-Jun 126. Grevellia robusta May-Jun 127. Grewia asiatica Apr-May 128. Grewia oppositifolia Oct-Nov 129. Hardwickia binata Apr-May 130. Holarrhena antidynterica Jul-Aug 131. Holoptelia intrigifolia May-Jul 132. Inga dulces Jun-Jul 133. Ipomea palmate Jul-Aug 134. Jacranda mimosaefolia Nov-Feb 135. Jasminium officinale Jun-Jul 136. Jatropha curcas - 137. Juglans regia Oct-Nov 138. Juglans tibetica Sep-Oct 139. Kigelia pinnata Nov-Dec 140. Koelrauterae apiculata Jan-Feb
141. Kydia calycina Feb-Mar 142. Lagerstromea flosreginae (l.speciosa) Oct-Dec 143.


Lagerstromea Indica Sep-Oct 144. Lagerstromea Parvifolia Oct-Nov 145. Lagerstromea Thoreilli Nov-Dec 146. Lantana camara Sep-Oct 147. Lawsonia alba Jun-Jul 148. Leucaena leucocephala (native variety) Jun-Aug 149. Leucana leucocephala (hawaiin k-8) Jul-Aug 150. Madhuca indica May-Jun 151. Mangifera indica Jun-Aug 152. Mallotus phillipinesis Mar-Apr 153. Medicago sativa - 154. Melia azedrach Dec-Jan 155. Melia composita (m.dubia) Jan-Feb 156. Mesua ferea Dec-Jan 157. Michelia alba - 158. Michelia Champaca Aug-Sep 159. Michelia Ovalifolia Jul-Sep 160. Millingtonia hortensis Oct-Dec

161. Mimosa pudiga Sep-Oct 162. Mimusops elangi Apr-May 163. Mimusops hexandra Jun-Jul 164. Mitragyna parviflora Nov-Jan 165. Moringa pterygosperma (m.olifera) May-Jun 166. Morus alba (white mulberry) Apr-May 167. Morus Indica Apr-May 168. Morus Nigra Apr-May 169. Morus Serrata Apr-Jun 170. Murraya exotica Aug-Sep 171. Nactanthes arboristis Nov-Dec 172. Nepthelium litchee Jun-Jul 173. Ordxylum indicum Dec-Mar 174. Ougeinia dalbergiodes Jun-Jul 175. Parkia bigalandulosa Apr-May 176. Parkia roxburghaii (P. javanica) Apr-May 177.

Parkinsonia aculeate May-Jun 178. Peltophorum ferrugineum (p. pterocarpus) Dec-Jan 179.

Phyllanthus emblica (p. officinalis) Jan-Feb 180. Picea morinda (p.smithiana) Sep-Oct
181. Pithecolobium dulces Jun-Jul 182. Pithecolobium saman (raintree) May-Jun 183.

Podocarpus gracilior Aug-Sep 184. Poinciana regia (delonix regia) Jan-Mar 185. Polyalthia longifolia Jul-Aug 186. Polyalthia longifolia var pendula Jul-Aug 187. Pongomia pinnata (p.glabra) Jan-Feb 188. Prosopis cineraria (p.specigera) Apr-Jun 189. Prosopis juliflora (p.chinensis) Apr-Jun 190. Prunus paddus (p.cerasoides) Apr-May 191. Prunus Paddum Apr-Jun 192. Pterocarpus marsupium Jun-Jul 193. Pterocarpus acerifolioum Jan-Feb 194. Pinica granatum Dec-Jan 195. Putranjiva roxburghaii (child life tree) Jan-Feb 196. Quercus incana Oct-Nov 197. Quercus serrata Sep-Oct 198. Rauwolfia serpentina Jul-Aug 199. Ravenala madagascariensis - 200. Ricinus communis Jun-Jul

201. Robinia pseudoacacia (locust tree) Oct-Nov 202. Salmalia malabaricum Apr-May 203. Santalum album May-Jun 204. Sapindus muckrosii (the soapnut tree) Oct-Nov 205. Sapium sebiferum Sep-Oct 206. Saraca indica (s.osaca) Jun-Aug 207. Scheleichera trijuga (s.deosa) Aug-Sep 208. Sesbania aculeate Sep-Nov 209. Sesbania Aegyptica May-Jun 210. Sesbania Grandiflora Jun-Jul 211. Shorea robusta - 212. Spathodia compunalata (s.nilotica) Apr-May 213. Sterculia alata Feb-Apr 214. Strychnos nux-vomica Apr-Jun 215. Swietinia macrophylla Mar-May 216. Swietinia mahogani Mar-Apr 217. Tamarindus indica Jun-Jul 218. Taxodium mucronatum Aug-Oct 219. Taxus baccata - - - 220. Tecoma argentea - - - -

221. Tecoma stans Dec-Jan 222. Tecoma undulata - 223. Tectona grandis (the Indian teak tree) Dec-Jan 224. Tectona grandis (pre-treated) - 225. Terminalia arjuna Jan-Feb 226. Terminalia Bellarica Jan-Feb 227. Terminalia Catappa Aug-Oct 228. Terminalia Chebula Feb-Mar 229.

Terminalia Myriocarpa Jan-Feb 230. Terminalia Tomentosa Feb-Apr 231. Thespesia populanea May-Jun 232. Thevitia nerifolia Aug-Sep 233. Trewia nudiflora Sep-Oct 234. Tabubea avlandi - 235. Tabubea rosea - 236. Vinca rosea (white) May-Jun 237. Vinca rosea (pink) - 238. Wrightia ticntoria Sep-Oct 239. Wrightia tomentosa Sep-Oct 40. Zyzyphus Jujuba Feb-Mar 241. Zyzyphus Numularia Feb-Mar 242. Zyzyphus Mauritiana Feb-Mar

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Basics Initiative Jatropha Hamburg

Basics

Initiative Jatropha Hamburg Basics Prognoses concerning the period of time remaining for world-wide petroleum reserves to get exhausted vary from within the next few decades and, according to optimistic estimates, a minimum of 100, a maximum of 150 years.

The optimists tend to obscure the fact that for a large part of the theoretically known deposits, a drastically increased input of technical and financial recources will be necessary to be tapped, e.g. for shale or deep reserves. In practice, a major portion of the explored oil reserves will remain out of reach of industrial exploitation, simply because of the imbalance between cost and benefits, except the world market would accept a multiplication of the oil price in the near future.

These days we remember a historical past, if we talk about market prices of 18-25 USD/barrel in 2001/2002. But even then the official market price did not represent the actual costs paid by consumers. The hidden costs for environmental damage and military interest policy added, each US American actually paid an average of 45-60 USD/barrel. In 2006/2007 an average of over 100 USD/barrel may be realistically calculated.

A presumably realistic estimate has been published by the Royal Dutch Shell Co.: according to this, the global consumption of fossile fuels would reach its peak by the year 2030, and the transitional development to alternative energy sources would start accelerating.

This is why the development of practicable and profitable energy sources must be promoted now. Functioning model projects will win significance and economic interest in the future.

Biomass as an energy source will play a major role. It may be expected that the UN convention of Kyoto defining international standards for the reduction of global emissions of greenhouse gases will support this development. The Kyoto-Protocol provides, within the frame of emission trade, the instruments of the "Joint Implementation Plan" (JI- trading project-bound emission certificates between industrialized nations) and the "Clean Development Mechanism" (CDM- project-bound emission trade between industrialized and developing nations). In the sense of the Kyoto-Convention, bio energy projects serve the general cause of climate protection in two ways: the combustion of vegetable oils tested as biofuels and biodiesel is "cleaner" than that of fossil products. In particular, considerably less carbon-monoxide is emitted, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and metal compounds do not occur, in general, the emissions of combustion are easier degradable than those of fossil fuels. This makes bio-energy an element reducing the "source" of emissions as defined in the Kyoto-Protocol.

On the other hand, the production of bio-energy is a cyclic process, in which the carbon-dioxide emitted by combustion is consumed and recycled by the producing plants. This is defined as "sink" in the UN-Convention. The significance of these aspects is that these conventional instruments allow industrialized nations to balance their failure to comply with international requirements for emission reduction by investing in bio-energy in developing nations. Another interesting aspect is that the major insurance companies (Münchner Rück, Swiss Re) have recently shown their interest in the development of bio-energy and biodiesel. These people already have quite precise ideas about the costs of climate catastrophes.

Sources: E. Schaltegger, Policy Context of Biomass Fuels and their Economics, in: Gübitz, Mittelbach, Trabi (Hrsg.),

Biofuels and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas, Graz, 1997; B.R. Bonine u.a.,

Commercial Feasibility of Biofuels in 1997, in:Gübitz u.a., ebd.;

M. Mittelbach,15 Years of Biodiesel Experience in Europe, in: Gübitz u.a., ebd.;CO2-Handel, Symposium Berliner Energietage, 2002.

New Service on jatropha.com

New Service on jatropha.com

We take anybody into the worldwide web We can now offer their own self-administered page hosted by jatropha.com to all people planning, working on and managing Jatropha-projects. A new, easily operated content management system enables us to insert new pages into our homepage quickly without any special IT-engineering skills.

If you´ve up to now been regarding yourself as having not enough time, money and IT skills for your own internet presentation, you can now publish your project worldwide with us without a great effort and for small money.

You may have your page administered by us, or you administer your contents yourself via direct password-protected access to the system.

Your page may either appear as a sub-document on jatropha.com or with its own internet address, linked to jatropha.com.



Publishing Info and Fees

Jatropha.com is the appropriate platform for publishing your project, if you are looking for more contacts, but up to now couldn´t or wouldn´t afford running your own homepage. Even for firms with their own homepage it might be interesting to have a specified link to jatropha.com.

English is obligatory language for all texts, besides you may place text versions in almost any other language. Currently all texts are presented in English and German, one text in Spanish.

If text tranlations into English are necessary, we can get this done as well for reasonable fees, provided it´s a current European language.

Procedure:

1. You send us your order by e-mail. You have two options here: either you choose to do the online administration of your page yourself from the start and you are confident to be able to operate our content management system, in which case all you need is an access code from us in order to design your page. Or you assign us to administer your page for the time being, in which case you attach texts, pictures, grafics and your ideas concerning the layout to your order.

2. We send you a confirmation of the received order and a preview of fees. Within a week or two, we translate your text and edit your page on jatropha.com, if you ordered these services.

3. You are notified as soon as your page is online. At the same time you receive your access code and the final invoice. We send you an invoice on paper on request.

4. Now you have a test period of one month, which you may use to let us know necessary corrections and requested improvements. When everything is o.k., you pay and remain online for a year. If you happen to change your mind now, you just don´t pay and send us a cancellation. Then we simply switch off your page after the test month.

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Rare And Exotic Garden Perennials For Landscape Planting

Rare And Exotic Garden Perennials For Landscape Planting

The term, 'perennial plant', means simply that the plant returns following severe freezes, to grow again the next year. Trees are cold hardy tested perennials by nature, some trees that are evergreens and do not go dormant, but merely slow down during various seasons, and other shade trees enter dormancy and shed the leaves. Tree growth of shade trees may stop altogether in extremely cold climates, but in the spring, will surge with buds that open to flower and leaf out.

Great difficulties arise in assigning a plant, 'perennial', mainly because the primary determining factor, temperature range varies from year to year; and every century extreme cold temperatures may erase certain plant populations that have survived in areas before for decades or sometimes even centuries. A perennial plant may be a survivor, thus a "perennial" for a given growing area, then suddenly may become extinct in that growing area. The USDA has constructed a zone map that reveals averages of temperatures reached by the location in your State. This map is a nursery tool used to predict whether a perennial will live (cold hardy) in your area.

Agaves are a diverse genus of over 200 species of rosette, spear-like, leafed evergreen perennials. Agave typically grows as low shrub-like plants in dry or well-drained soils of the Southern part of the U.S. from New Jersey down to Florida, and then West to California. Many Agave species, such as Agave americana or Agave tequilana, have sharp recurved, protective teeth running along both sides of the blade of its semi-curved, lance-shaped leaves, with a sharp needle-tip lance at the end. There are Agave species, like Agave attenuata, and Agave stricta, that do not have sharp-teeth at all, but are smooth. The color variations of Agave plants range from shades of green, to silvery-grey, bluish-green, top yellow or white stripes, such is the case with Agave americana 'media-picta'. The bloom of mother Agave plants are a beautiful array of pendulent bell-shaped, creamy-white flowers soaring high above the mother plant on a flower stem that may reach 20 feet or more for some agave species. The bloom period of a mother Agave plant is during the summer and the flower stalk is magnificent to behold, however, this event means the cycle of life ends for mother Agave and begins again for her Agave offspring. Agave plants are an excellent choice for rock gardens or well drained soils that lend themselves well to terracotta or cement planters. Agaves are fairly slow glowers so expect higher prices on these sunloving garden jewels at retail garden centers. Huge specimen agaves can be quickly delivered by semi-trucks. Recommended Agave cultivar plants are: Agave 'Victoria-Reginae'; Agave americana; Agave americana 'Marginata'; Agave americana 'Media-Picta'; Agave angustifolia 'Marginata'; Agave attenuata 'Boutin Blue'; Agave bovicomuta; Agave celsii 'Nova'; Agave colorata; Agave desmettiana 'Variegata'; Agave desmettiana 'Zebra Stripe'; Agave 'Felipe Otero'; Agave franzosini; Agave geminiflora; Agave lechguilla; Agave parryii; Agave parryii 'Compacta Variegata'; Agave potatorum 'Verschaffeltii'; Agave pygmaea; Agave salmiana; Agave stricta 'Pueblensis'; Agave 'Shark Skin'; Agave sisalana 'Variegata'; Agave toumeyana; and

Agave tequilana 'Weberi Blue.'

The ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC grew the Aloe for healing, and while the Pharaoh held all the Jews in captivity, aloes were used as cosmetics and for the sacred healing power of this mysterious perennial. The Book of John, in the New Testament Bible, John 19-39, records that Jesus' body was wrapped in linen cloths and aloes after the corpse was removed from the crucifiction cross before burial. Aloes are evergreen perennial plants that grow as shub-like, climbing or tree-like plants. The aloe plant leaves are fleshly, succulent, long tongue-shaped groups of rosettes, or as star-patterned limbs. Most forms of the aloe, 300 species genus, have toothed leaf blades with soft to piercing hard teeth. Aloe saponaria and Aloe vera are the two most commonly found containerized aloes in homes and gardens. Aloe vera plant extracts have long been used by mothers on their children for fast relief for minor cuts and burns. Aloe saponaria is cold hardy down to freezing temperatures and is widely grown in Southern gardens for the beautiful, coral-colored, tubular blossoms and for the making of medicated soap. Most aloe plants are small, 1-3 foot tall and width, however, a few tropical aloe species, such as Aloe marlothii grow into large, 120 foot succulent trees. Aloe plant varieties may vary enormously in color from yellow, red to blue-greens, or to spotted or striped with random variegation. Recommended cultivars of Aloes are: Orange Aloe.(Aloe acutissima 'antaramorensis') ,Blue Aloe (Aloe acutissima) ,Aloe aristata 'Montana' Tree Aloe (Aloe bainsii) Aloe brevifolia Red Aloe (Aloe camronii) Climbing Aloe (Aloe ciliaris) Kokoerbom(Aloe dichotoma) Aloe distans 'Yellow Teeth'Aloe 'Dorian Black' Aloe ellenbeckii White Aloe (Aloe glauca) Aloe kedongensis Bergaalwyn (Aloe marlothii) Gold Tooth Aloe (Aloe nobilis) Tiger Aloe (Aloe nobilis 'Variegata') Aloe petricola Spiral Aloe (Aloe polyphylla) Coral Aloe (Aloe strata) SoapAloe (Aloe saponaria) Aloe traskii Medicinal Aloe (Aloe vera) Partridge Breast (Aloe 'Variegata') Aloe verdoorniae Aloe 'White Teeth'.

Fern plants are a beautiful landscape choice or a container perennial, because of the delicate graceful foliage. Fern plants are native to the U.S., and found growing on every continent on the Earth. Some ferns grow well as cold hardy plarts in some areas bordering arctic conditions. A gardener can find a fern perennial to buy in practically any nursery or mail order operation.
Florida tropical perennials are restricted for growing in many States, because of the lack of cold hardy resistance. Some gardeners prefer to plant Florida perennials in greenhouses, or to grow as an annual. Many recommended plants are: Desert Rose, Adenium obesum; Allamanda cathartica; Giant Yellow Shrimp, Barleria micans; Hallmark, Bulbine fruiticasa; Clerodendrum ugandense; Bleeding Hearts, Clerodendrum thomsoniae; Bat Faced Heather, Cupha ilvea; Sapphire Showers, Duranta erecta; Euryops; Bolivian Sunset, Gloxina sylvatica; Iochroma cyaneum; Jatropha integerrima; Ixora; Lantana camara; Orthosiphon stamineus; Pentas; Russelia equisetiformis; Russelia equisetiformis aureus; Stachytarpheta urticifolia;

Stachytarpheta mutabilis.

Flowering Vine perennials grow fast to cover fences, lattices, walls, and not only offer rewards of flowers, but many interesting flowers in colors of red, blue, white, pink, and yellow. If planted and grown in the sun, the flowering vines require little care of vine maintenance. Recommended flowering vines to plant are Coral Vine, Antigonon leptopus; White Coral Vine, Antigonon leptopus 'Alba'; Jekyll Island Vine, Bignonia capreolata; Tangering Beauty, Bignonia capreolata; Night Blooming Jasmine, Cestrum Nocturnum; Bleeding Hearts, Clerodendron thomsoniae; Lavender Trumpet Vine, Clytostoma callistegoides; Carolina Jasmine, Gelsemium sempervirens; Heart Vine, Ipomoea batatas; Chinese Jasmine, Jasminum polyanthum; Brazilian Firecracker Vine, Manettia inflata; Mailbox Plant, Mandevilla x Amblilis; Red Mandevilla, Mandevilla sanderi; Peaches and Cream, Mandevilla 'Peaches and Cream'; Pink Mandevilla, Mandevilla splendens; White Passion Vine, Passiflora; Blue Passion Vine, Passiflora x Alato-Caerulea; Red Passion Flower, Passiflora coccinea; Lady Banks Rose, Rosa banksiae; Blue Glory Vine, Thunbergia battiscombei; White Sky Vine; Thunbergia grandiflora; Confederate Jasmine, Trachelospermum jasminoides; Blue Wisteria, Wisteria sinensis; White Wisteria, Wisteria sinensis 'Alba';

Groundcover perennial plants are beautifully colored and fast growing, to keep soil erosion under control. Recommended groundcover plants are: Ajuga reptans 'Burgundy Glow', Burgundy Glow; Allium tuberosum, Society Garlic; Arachis glabrata, Perennial Peanut; Ardisia japonica 'Variegata', Ardisia japonica 'Variegata'; Aspidistra elatior, Cast Iron Plant; Aspidistra elatior 'Variegata', Aspidistra elatior 'Variegata'; Apsidistra lurida 'Milky Way', Apsidistra lurida 'Milky Way'; Asystasia gangetica, Ganges Primrose; Curculigo capitulata, Palm Grass; Ficus repens 'Variegata', Creeping Fig Vine; Ficus repens 'Variegata', Ficus repens 'Variegata'; Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon', Chameleon; Liriope; Liriope muscari 'Big Blue', Border Grass; Liriope muscari 'Royal Purple', Liriope muscari 'Royal Purple'; Liriope muscari 'Super Green Giant'; Liriope muscari 'Variegata'; Liriope muscari 'Silver Dragon'; Lysimachia congestiflora 'Eco Dark Satin', Golden Globes; Ophiopogon intermedius 'Aztec'; Ophiopogon japonicus nana, Dwarf Mondo Grass; Ophiopogon planiscapus 'Ebony Knight', Black Mondo; Persicaria capitatum, Jump Seed; Persicaria microcephala, Red Dragon; Setcreasea pallida, Purple Heart; Setcreasea pallida, Pale Puma; Pseuderanthemum alatum, Chocolate Soldiers; Rubus calycinoides, Emerald Carpet; Scuttelaria longifolia, Red Fountain Sage; Spilanthese oleracea, Eyeball Plant / Toothpaste Plant; Trachelospermum asiaticum, Asiatic Jasmine; Tulbaghia fragrans, White Fragrant Garlic; Tulbaghia violacea, Society Garlic; Tulbaghia violacea 'Tricolor', Tricolor, Society Garlic; Vinca major 'Maculata', Periwinkle; Vinca major 'Variegata', Periwinkle;

Vinca major 'Wojo's Gem'.

Herbacious perennial plants freeze during the winter, but return in the following spring to produce flowers of many colors and rare forms. Recommended cultivars are: Bee Balm, Monarda didyma 'Jacob Cline'; Blue Butterfly Flower, Clerodendrum ugandense; Blue Woodland Phlox, Phlox divaricata; Brunfelsia Pauciflora; Buckeye, Red, Aesculus pavia; Butterfly Bush, Buddleia lindleyana; Cestrum aurantiacum; Cigarette Plant, Cuphea micropetala; Clerodendrum bungeii; Cone Flower, Echinacea paradoxa; Cuphea 'Allyson'; Devil Star Lily, Clerodendrum puniculatum; Echinacea 'White Swan'; Echinacea purpurea; Firebush, Hamelia patens;

Flowering Maple, Abutilion x hybridrum; Gaillardia 'Pin Wheel'; Lestrum fasciculatum 'Newellii'; Liatris spicata 'Blazing Stars'; Liatris spicata 'Floristan'; Lions Head, Leonitus leonarus; Obediant Plant, Physostegia virginiana; Orange Shrimp Plant, Justicia ovata; Orange Tongue Plant, Justicia leonardii; Phlox maculata 'Alpha'; Pink Tongues, Justicia carnea; Platycodon grandiflora; Plumbago auriculata 'Monott' PP7822; Princess Flower, Tibouchina urvillenana; Purple Butterfly Bush, Buddleia davidii 'Lochinch'; Red Cigar Plant, Sinningia sellovii;Red Prince, Weigela florida; Red Shrimp Plant, Justicia brandegeana 'Red'; Mouth of Hollywood, Rehmannia Elata; Rudbeckia hirta 'Becky Mix'; Ruellia brittoniana 'Katie'; Ruellia elegans; Scarlet Butterfly Lily, Odontonema cuspidatum; Shasta Daisy, Leucanthemum x superbum 'Alaska'; Shower of

Gold Shrub, Galphimia glauca; Tecoma stans 'Yellow Bells'; Turks Cap, Malvaviscus

drummondi; White Tongues, Justicia carnea; Yellow Creeping Jenny, Lysimachia nummularia 'Aurea'; Yellow Shrimp Plant, Justicia brandegeana 'Yellow'; Yellow Tongue Plant, Justicia aura.
Yucca is a genus of evergreen plants, with approximately 40 species that grow in dry, desert-like areas. However, this is a common misconception, because members of the Yucca family can be found growing in 30 of the States in America, from New Jersey, down to Florida, and west to California. Yuccas can be grown as small shrubs or yucca trees, up to 30 feet tall, depending upon the yucca species. Yucca has lance-shaped leaves growing in a rosette pattern, on a woody stem or trunk-like frame. Yucca plants may vary dramatically in color from shades of green, to white or yellow stripes, to blue-green hues, as with Yucca rostrata, a jewel for any garden. Most yucca plants are stiff and sharp pointed, like the Spanish Bayonet (Yucca aloifolia), while some yuccas have flexable soft leaves, such as Golden Garland Yucca (Yucca flaccida). The flower blooms of yucca grow in summer, and develop into a beautiful, creamy-white pendulum of bell-shaped flowers that tower 8 feet above the mother plant. Yuccas are very adaptable and are among the oldest living trees in the world. The Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia), Yucca filimentosa (Bear Grass or Adam's Needle) is among the most cold-hardy and widely grown varieties. The strong, stringy filament (fiber), that run a course from the needle tip, down the margin of the leaf, was used by native Americans for making into garments and possibly the treating of war wounds. The roots of Yucca were also used to make soap. The primary use for yucca plants in todays landscapes are for their ornamental beauty, like we find in Yucca flaccida 'Golden Sword', in terracotta pots or in ground landscape plantings. Some people use Yucca aloifolia 'Spanish Bayonet', Yucca treculeana 'Spanish Dagger', or even Yucca brevifolia 'Joshua Tree', as security hedges for their beautiful and exotically bazaar, stiff leaves, hence the nickname, "Burlars' Nightmare." Yucca plants are typicall sunlovers, growing in well drained soils, but are adaptive and often grow faster in moderately moist areas, such as the Southeastern U.S.. Recommended yucca cultivar plants are: Yucca aloifolia; Yucca brevifolia; Bear Grass, Yucca filamentos; Bright Edge, Yucca filamentosa; Golden Garland, Yucca flaccida; Golden Sword, Yucca flaccida; Ivory Tower, Yucca flaccida; Variegata, Yucca flaccida; Silverstar, Yucca elephantippes; Soft Leaf Yucca, Yucca recurvifolia; Spanish Dagger, Yucca treculeana; Rigida, Yucca rostrata; Linearis, Yucca rostrata; HesperYucca paviflora; Cordyline 'Baueri.'

About the Author

Patrick A. Malcolm, owner of TyTy Nursery, has an M.S. degree in Biochemistry and has cultivated perennial plants for over three decades.

American Fruit Trees, Nut Trees, Berry Plants, Grapevines, And Native Plants Promoted By Thomas Jefferson

American Fruit Trees, Nut Trees, Berry Plants, Grapevines, And Native Plants Promoted By Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was the United States minister to France following the great American, Benjamin Franklin in 1785. While acting as the French minister to the United States, Jefferson surveyed crops of agriculture in France searching for fruit trees, nut trees, grape vines, berry plants, and many other potentially useful crops that might be commercially grown in the United States. Many of these seed plants and trees were exported to the American colonists and planters for experimental growing on United States farms and plantations. In exchange to the French, many native plants of the United States were exported to France and Europe for testing. Plants and trees such as red, and black raspberries, scuppernong grapevines, muscadine grape vines, pecan tree seed, Citrus seed, and plants such as mutated cultivars of orange, lime, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon, and tangerine, that centuries before had been introduced by the Spanish colonists into Florida from Europe and Africa. Grains such as corn and the famous American tobacco products were also favorite imports to Europe. The Indian Blood peach tree produced exceptional fruit, even from planted seed, and American grapevines, wild plum and cherry trees were used as root stock for grafting fruit trees and grapevines. Mulberry trees, pawpaw trees, and strawberry plants were also exciting new plant introductions into Europe. American native nut trees such as the American chestnut, Castanea dentata, and the Chinquapin nut, Castanea pumila, as well as many species of Hickory trees, Pecan trees (Carya illinoinenis), several species of walnut trees including Juglans nigra, and the American filbert, Corylus americana (Hazlenut) were all received for commercial agricultural testing in European countries.

Thomas Jefferson made a note on his plant interests to the State of Virginia in the year 1787 #VI, "A notice of the mines and other subterranean riches, its trees, plants, fruits, etc." with his interests in "the orchards produce apples, pears, cherries, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds, and plumbs." Thomas Jefferson was also a learned botanist who could intelligently discuss the fruit trees, berry plants, grapevines, and nut trees in the Latinzed, scientific language with the agricultural elite authorities of his time. In his writing to the state of Virginia, he wrote: "Scarlet strawberries, Fragaria Virginiana of Millar; Whortleberries, Vaccinium uliginosum; Wild gooseberies, Ribes grossularia; Cranberries, Vaccinium oxycoccus; Black raspberries, Rubus occidentalis; Blackberries, Rubus fruticosus; Dewberries, Rubus caesius; Cloud-berries, Rubus chamaemorus."

About native wild and escaped plants, trees, and vines, Jefferson reported on wild fruits like Elderberry, Elder, Sambucus nigra; Papaw, Annona triloba" and the mulberry, proper for its food, grows kindly, pomegranates and figs. Wild cherry, Prunus Virginiana, Cherokee plumb, Punus sylvestris fructu majori, Wild plumb, Prunus sylvestris fructu minori, Clayton, Wild crab-apple, Pyrus coronaria; red mulberry, Morus rubra; Persimmon, Diospyros Virginiana.

Thomas Jefferson had a great interest in timber trees from which lumber was made into dwellings, furniture, tools, fuel, etc. He reported: "Black birch, Betula nigra; White birch, Betula alba; Beach, Fagus sylvatica; Ash, Fraxinus Americana; Fraxinus Novae Angliae, Millar; Elm, Ulmus Americana, Willow, Salix Query species?; Sweet Gum, Liquidamber styaciflua. Plane-tree, Platanus cooidentalis; Poplar liriodendron tulipifera; Populus heterophylla; Black poplar, Populus nigra; Aspen, Populus tremulus; Linden or lime, Tilia Americana; Red flowering maple, Acer rubrum; Horse-chestnut, or Buck's-eye, Aesculus pavia; Catalpa, Bignonia catalpa;

Umbrella, Magnolia tripetala; Swamp laurel, Magnolia glauca; Cucumber-tree, Magnolia acuminata; Portugal bay, Laurus indica; Red Bay, Laurus borbonia; Dwarf-rose bay, Rhododendron maxiumum; Laurel of the Western country, Qu. species?"

A group of smaller trees reported by Jefferson was "Holly, Ilex aquifolium, Cockspur hawthorn, Crataegus coccinea; Spindle-tree, Euronymus Europaeus; Evergreen spindle tree, Euonymus

Americanus; Candleberry myrtle, Myrica cerifera."

Oak trees were valuable to the early colonists for use in building houses, furniture, tools and fuels, Jefferson listed these as: "Black Oak, Quercus nigra; White Oak, Quercus alba; Red oak, Quercus rubra; Willow Oak, Quercus phellos; Chestnut Oak, Quercus prinus; Black jack Oak, Quercus aquatica, Clayton, Query?; Ground Oak, Quercus pumila, Clayton; Live Oak, Quercus

Virginiana, Millar;

Many flowering trees were planted in Thomas Jefferson's garden estate at Monticello, such as Dogwood trees, Grancy Greybeard, Redbud tree and Locust trees listed as: "Wild pimento, Laurus benzoin; Sassafras, Laurus sassafras; Locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia; Honey-locust, Gleiditsia la; Dogwood, Cornus florida; Fringe or snowdrop tree, Chionanthus virginica; Redbud, or Judas-tree, Cercis, canadensis."

The importance of evergreens was obvious to Thomas Jefferson, and he listed them as: "Black or pitch-pine, Pinus taeda; White pine, Pinus strobus; Yellow pine, Pinus Virgincia; Spruce pine, Pinus foliis singularibus, Clayton; Hemlock spruce fir, Pinus Canadensis; Aborvitae , Thuya occidentalis; Juniper, Juniperus virginica (called cedar with us) Cypress Cupressus disticha;

White cedar, Cupressus Thyoides."

Jefferson reported that many cash agricultural crops of America were of native or mysterious origin that included: "Tobacco, Nicotiana; Maize, Zea Mays; Round potatoes, Solanum tuberosum; Pumpkins, (Squash) Cucurbita pepo; Cymlings, Cucurbita verrucosa; Squashes,

Cucurbita melopepo"

Besides the production of crops from native plants, Jefferson wrote that American farms produced: "wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, broom corn, and Indian corn, rice, tobacco, hemp, flax, cotton and indigo."

Long and the round potatoes, "turnips, carrots, parsneps, pumpkins, ground nuts." Ground nuts were today's peanut, Arachis hypogaea.

Thomas Jefferson listed many grasses and grains in his report to include: "Lucerne, St. Foin, Burnet, Timothy, ray and orchard grass, red, white and yellow clover, greenswerd, blue grass, and crab grass, Panic, Panicum of many species; Indian millet, Holcus laxus; Holcus striosus; Wild oat, Zizania aquatica; Wild pea, Dolichas of Clayton; Lupine, Lupinus perennis; Wild hop, Humulus lupulus."

Thomas Jefferson reported that American gardens were producing in the year 1787; "Musk melons, water melons, tomatas, okra, pomegranates, figs, and the esculent plants of Europe, Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus; Long potatoes, Convolvulas batatas;"
Various ornamental plants such as flowering Sweetshrub, Poke Weed Salad, Passion Flower, Jerusalem Artichoke and Tuckshoe were: "Upright honeysuckle, Azalea nudiflora; Calycanthus floridus; American aloe, Agave Virginica; Sumach Rhus, Qu species?; Poke, Phytolacca decandra; Itea Virginica; Granadillas, Maycocks, Maracocks, Passiflora incarnata; Tuchahoe, Lycoperdon tuber."

Thomas Jefferson reported useful vines: "Ivy, Hedera quinquefolia, Trumpet honeysuckle, Yellow jasmine, Bignonia sempervirens." and the seemingly insignificant "Long Moss, Tillandsia Usneoides"

Medicinal herbs such as Datura, Marshmallow, Ginseng and Jimson Weed were reported along with: "Senna, Cassia Ligustrina; Arsmart, Polygonum Sagittatum; Clivers, or goose-grass, Galium spurium; Lobelia of several species; Palma Christi, Ricinus; James-town weed, Datura Stramonium; Mallow, Mallow rotundifolia; Syrian mallow, Hibiscus moschentos; Hibiscus virginicus; Indian mallow, Sida rhombifolia; Sida abutilon; Virginia Marshmallow, Napaea hermaphrodita; Napaea dioica; Indian physic, Spiraea trifoliata; Euphoria Ipecacuanhae; Pleurisy root, Asclepias decumbens, Virginia snake-root, Aristolochia serpentaria, Black snake-root, Actaea racemosa; Seneca rattlesnake-root, Polygala Senega; Valerian, Valeriana locusta radiata; Gentiana Saponaria, Villosa and Centaurium; Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium; Angelica, Angelica sylvestris; Casava, Jatropha urens."

Thomas Jefferson was an amazing man with a genius and intelligence that helped to make the United States a great nation, not only because of his political contribution as a formulator of the United States Constitution, as a great United States minister to France and the third President of the United States, but Jefferson also was an accomplished writer and farmer.
About the Author

Visit TyTy Nursery to purchase the trees mentioned in this article, or many others that you may be looking for!

What Vegetable Can Be Made Into Biodiesel?

What Vegetable Can Be Made Into Biodiesel?
What Vegetable Oils Can Be Made Into Biodiesel?

Biodiesel is a fuel comparable to petroleum based diesel fuel, but is made from vegetable oil. A wide variety of vegetables can produce the quality of vegetable oil that the Biodiesel conversion process needs. This wide variety of fuel sources gives hope that Biodiesel can be helpful as an alternative-fuel, not just in the more developed wester countries, but the underdeveloped countries as well.

A partial list of the kinds of vegetable oils that can be used in Biodiesel manufacturing:

* Peanut Oil * Cottonseed Oil * Rapeseed Oil * Soybean Oil * Mustard Oil * Sunflower Oil * False Flax Oil * Rice Bran Oil * Radish Oil * Safflower Oil * Palm Oil * Corn Oil * Coconut Oil * Tung Oil * Hemp Oil * Jatropha * Radish Oil * Algae * Castor Oil

Biodiesel can also be made from WVO (waste vegetable oil), which is previously used vegetable oil, like that which would be discarded from restaurants and delis. When using WVO to make Biodiesel there is an additional process that has to be undertaken to remove all the impurities, while this process would add to the overall cost of the fuel, it would not be prohibitive. It can be financially profitable to use WVO as a source for Biodiesel, but there are already other established industries using WVO in their manufacturing process, namely soap products.

Animal fat can also be used to produce Biodiesel in a very similar process to that of vegetable oil conversion. Because of the limited supply of animal fat this is rarely undertaken.

The combination of waste vegetable oil, vegetable oil, and animal fat is not even close to sufficient enough to replace liquid fossil fuel as the main form of fuel used in transportation. Some environmentalists, although supporting of the use of Biodiesel as a viable fuel option, are not in favor of raising production of the vegetation needed to manufacture more Biodiesel. The argument being that if natural vegetative growth is removed to make room for the growing and harvesting of plants intended to be used in the manufacturing of Biodiesel, then in the end the Earth would suffer in spite of it's well intentioned efforts.

Biodiesel, as a fuel, has many sources or raw materials but none so plentiful that it could challenge the current standardized petroleum based oil industry.

About the Author

Mark Allen is an avid supporter of the continuing search for an alternative fuel. More info at BiodieselPlans.info

Alchemy, Shamanism, Organic Food, and the Doctrine of Signatures

Alchemy, Shamanism, Organic Food, and the Doctrine of Signatures

The 16th century alchemist and philosopher, Paracelsus, introduced in his treatise the Doctrine of Signatures , the concept that the Creator has placed his seal on plants to indicate their medicinal uses.

Underlying Paracelsus' treatise was the premise that nature was itself a living organism which must be considered an expression of "the One Life", and that man and the universe are the same in their essential nature.

The 16th century alchemist and philosopher, Paracelsus, introduced in his treatise the Doctrine of Signatures , the concept that the Creator has placed his seal on plants to indicate their medicinal uses.

In this book of nature, Paracelsus noticed how the qualities of plants so often reflected their appearance - that the seeds of skullcap, for example, resemble small skulls and, it transpires, are effective at curing headache. Similarly, the hollow stalk of garlic resembles the windpipe and it is used for throat and bronchial problems. By the same token, willow grows in damp places and will heal rheumatic conditions.

Because of this, Paracelsus held that the inner nature of plants may be discovered by their outer forms or 'signatures'. He applied this principle to food as well as medicine, remarking that "it is not in the quantity of food but in its quality that resides the Spirit of Life" - a belief familiar to those who choose to eat organic food and share the common concern over Genetically Modified substitutes that they lack 'life force', or spirit. According to Paracelsus, then, the appearance of a plant is the gateway to its spirit or consciousness

Shamans recognise the spiritual powers and qualities of plants in many ways: the colours of the flowers, their perfumes, the shape and form of their leaves, where they are growing and in what ways, the moods they evoke, and the wider geographical, cultural, or mythological landscapes they occupy

The doctrine of signatures treatise is not something known by indigenous shamans, but they understand the principles behind it well enough, that nature has spirit and communicates with us. These principles are not regarded as fanciful at all, but so important that they can save lives.
I discovered how the doctrine of signatures operates in the Amazon, for example, during my experiences with the Jergon Sacha plant.

Jergon Sacha (Dracontium peruviuanum)

My first exposure to this plant came about quite accidentally, when one day walking through the rainforest studying the properties of the plants, the maestro Javier queried why I always walked around with a machete. I jokingly replied "it's against anacondas!". He paused in thought for a moment and beckoned for me to follow him, a few minutes later we came across this tall stemmed plant. He proceeded to cut it down and then whip me around the body paying attention to my legs and the soles of my feet.. He then said "no more problems, you are protected against snakes". I asked him why this plant was used in this way, and he indicated the pattern on the stem which looks identical to the snakes in the forest. Later as I started to investigate this plant even more, I discovered some interesting correspondences; this is a plant which is widely used as an antidote against snake bite venom in the Amazon.

This is accordance with the 'doctrine of signatures' concept. This doctrine is at the heart of homeopathy, folk medicine, and plant shamanism. The doctrine was revealed by the great alchemist and physician Paracelus who lived in the 16th Century. The underlying principle was that the healing properties of the plant are not only in the outer 'physical' form, but also in their inner or spiritual nature. The Doctrine of Signatures holds that this inner nature can be revealed by it's outer physical form or signatures. This plant is a clear demonstration of the outer form indicating the inner qualities. It's use is directly related to it's physical appearance, the patterns on the tall stem closely resembles the skin patterns of the highly venomous pit viper known as

Bushmaster' or Jararaca which is indigenous to the Amazon.

The large tuber of the plant is an well known and highly effective antidote for the bite of venomous snakes. The tuber is chopped up, and immersed in cold water and then drunk. Also the chopped tuber is placed in a banana leaf and used as a poultice which is wrapped around the bite area. These procedures are repeated every few hours. Of course the deal here is that it works, and as it not possible to store anti-venom vaccines in the rainforest without refrigeration, this plant has exceptional life-saving importance.

Mocura / Mucura Petivera Alliacea. This plant can be taken orally or used in floral baths to raise energy, or take you out of a saladera (a run of bad luck, inertia, sense of not living to the full). Gives mental strength and you can feel its effects as also with Ajo Sacha, both are varieties of 'false' garlic and have a penetrating aroma.

One of it's qualities is that on a personal psychological level it can boost one's strength. For example it is considered good in countering shyness, and can strengthen one's own sense of personal value and authority. One of it's properties is to help people overcome 'irrational' fears & fearful memories

Medicinal properties include asthma, bronchitis, reduction of fat and cholesterol. This plant grows widely in the lower Amazon, and it is used widely in purification (floral baths) .

Piñon Colorado Jatropha gossypifoilio

Has short lived effect after drinking but helps lucid dreaming later on when you go to bed. Can be used as a planta maestra and it is a plant that maestros can take when being during their initiation. Can also take with tobacco.

The plant's properties on the physical level relate to problems such as, burns, swellings, intestinal parasites , Insect bites and stings, vaginal infections, and bronchitis. It is possible to take the resin which is much stronger but toxic if too much ingested. The resin can be applied directly to the skin.

Piri-piri, (Cyperaceae). Native people throughout the Amazon cultivate numerous varieties of medicinal sedges to treat a wide range of health problems, the native peoples for example, use sedge roots to treat headaches, fevers, cramps, dysentery and wounds as well as to ease childbirth. Special sedge varieties are cultivated by Shipiba women to improve their skill weaving and to protect their babies from illness.

Teresa a Shipiba craftswoman who joins us on our Amazon Retreats, told me that it is customary when the girls are very young for their mothers to squeeze a few drops of the 'piri piri' seed sap into their eyes in order to give their daughters the ability to have visions of the designs that she will make throughout her life.

The men cultivate special sedges to improve their hunting. Since the plant is used for such a wide range of conditions, it was once dismissed as being mere superstition. Pharmacological research has revealed the presence of ergot alkaloids, which are known to have diverse effects on the body from stimulation of the nervous system to constriction of blood vessels. These alkaloids are responsible for the wide range of medicinal uses. Apparently the ergot alkaloids come not from the plant itself but from a fungus that infects the plant.

Chanca piedra "Stone Breaker" (Phyllanthus Niruri)

This is a hybrid name "chanca" meaning "to break" in Quechua and "piedra" meaning "stone" in Spanish. This herb from the Amazon has been used by the indigenous peoples of the Rainforest for generations as an effective remedy to eliminate gall, and kidney stones. The plant has demonstrated its effectiveness against many illnesses including, kidney problems , urinary problems, colic, dysentery, jaundice and numerous other conditions. This herb has become widely used in South America as the herbal remedy for gall and kidney stones, and can typically be bought in capsule or leaf form from many stores. This plant is used only for its
pharmaceutical properties, and is not a planta maestra. As a note, this plant is also starting to become known in Western Medical circles, as when I brought some back for my mother to help her with her kidney stones, her doctor was apparently familiar with this herb, but he still didn't want her to use it due to possible contra-indications with the prescribed pharmaceutical medicine.

Reflections.

On reflection plant medicine is totally different than pharmaceutical medication which only affects one whilst it is being taken; these kinds of plant medicines seem to have a permanent effect in some way metaphorical or otherwise altering one's consciousness or "DNA". Paracelus, is still a source of inspiration to all those who work with the healing properties of herbs, and the plants.

One of the great revelations that we can experience in working with the plant spirit or consciousness is that we are not separate from the natural world. In our culture we perceive ourselves to be separate beings with our minds firmly embedded within our physical being (typically our head). The plants can show you that this way of being is an illusion and that we are all connected, all of us and everything else is a discrete element in the great universal field of consciousness or spirit.

About the Author

Howard G. Charing, is an accomplished international workshop leader on shamanism. He has worked some of the most respected and extraordinary shamans & healers in the Andes, the Amazon Rainforest, and the Philippines. He organises specialist retreats to the Amazon Rainforest He is the author of the best selling book, Plant Spirit Shamanism (Destiny Books USA. Website http://www.shamanism.co.uk

Rotten Apples Could Be Good For Your Car

Rotten Apples Could Be Good For Your Car

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Or so the saying goes, for us humans at least.

But how about cars?

If you think that fruits are good for humans (and living things in general) only, think again. Turns out that our adage for the benefits of the good apple - the rotting apple that is, can now also apply to cars - to keep it running and in shape.

For a time it was only gasoline and diesel when it came to powering cars. Then came hybrids, which powered cars via a combination of a small fuel-efficient gas engine and an electric motor for a more fuel-efficient and earth-friendly ride. There's also ethanol fuel, another popular alternative against the "environmentally evil" gasoline and petroleum fuels. And then there are the weirder alternatives: burger grease, orange juice, hemp - even something called Jatropha Curcas seeds. We've all seen or heard about these things.

So what about rotting apples?

Let's take a look at Somerset farmer Henry Hobson's story: The man converted his Jaguar XJ6 to run off methane produced from the decomposing fruit in his orchard.

Methane you see, is a good thing. A combustible gas, it can be obtained in two ways -- extracted from the earth's crust in the form of natural gas, or from waste sludge and biological waste as biogas. The great thing about it is that compared to carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to the greenhouse effect, methane is about 25% lower than when running on petrol. Biogas forms part of the natural ecocycle and therefore makes a zero net contribution to the greenhouse effect.

So you see exactly what a bright idea this one really is.
According to a report from Topgear, the science is simple enough: Hobson fills two underground tanks with apples from his 10,000-tree orchard, and adds a soupcon of bacteria from cows' intestines (yes, you did not read that wrong) to help the rotting along.
The gas emitted from the decomposition is then filtered through water to remove the sulphur and carbon dioxide, leaving Hobson with lots of pure methane, which also means lots of cheap fuel.

Hobson, discounting the £3,000 it cost to convert his Jag and its Jaguar XJ6 parts- says that the shift saves him more than two grand every year on fuel costs. As an added bonus, his XJ6 is putting out about 10 per cent more power at very similar fuel economy compared to before.
So are we going to see good ol' apples powering our future cars anytime soon?

According to Hobson, methane is 10 times more efficient to produce than bio-diesel. And, as well as presumably filling the air with the sweet smell of home-brew, his fuel has the advantage of keeping the doctor well away.

Sounds good, doesn't it? If only all of us had orchards in our backyards like Mr. Hobson.

About the Author

Rain Stockton is an engineer by profession. He is a motorsports fanatic, especially F1 and NASCAR. He seldom fails to attend major car racing events. A frustrated race car driver, he spends some of his free time working in one of the largest automotive shops in Indianapolis.

Jatropha for Biodiesel

Jatropha for Biodiesel

I know all of you are wondering why I am writing about a little known plant called "Jatropha Curcas". Well... it all has to do with making biodiesel and the production of electricity using biodiesel as a fuel. This is to inform you of a source of vegetable oil that is relatively unknown in the United States and North America. The European community has already seen the light as have some Asian, African, Indian, and South American countries. Running engines on vegetable oil is nothing new... did you know that Rudolf Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil? Maybe the US has not seen the light yet because we are mostly engaged in the growing of food crops and oils like soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and peanut oil. All these oils are edible and thus fetch high prices. After all, why should US farmers grow a completely inedible plant!? Used cooking oil is great for the "do it yourself" biodiesel enthusiast, but there is not enough supply of used cooking oil to supply a whole nation.
This is where Jatropha comes in...

Jatropha has the following benefits when looked at from the fuel production angle:
* it costs almost nothing to grow * it is drought resistant * it can be grown almost anywhere - even in sandy, saline, or otherwise infertile soil * it is easy to propagate (a cutting simply pushed into the ground will take root) * it is not invasive, or spreading, or damaging like kudzu * it is capable of stabilizing sand dunes, acting as a windbreak, and combating desertification * it naturally repels both animals and insects * it lives for over 50 years producing seeds all the time * it is frost hardy (does not like hard freezes) * it does not exhaust the nutrients in the land * it does not require expensive crop rotation * it does not require fertilizers * it grows quickly and establishes itself easily * it has a high yield (Jatropha can yield about 1,000 barrels of oil per year per square mile - oil content of the seed is 55-60%) * no displacement of food crops is necessary * it is great for developing countries in terms of energy and jobs * the biodiesel byproduct, glycerine, is profitable in itself * the waste plant mass after oil extraction can be used as a fertilizer * the plant itself recycles 100% of the CO2 emissions produced by burning the biodiesel

That's a whole lot of benefit with little or no disadvantages!

The European Union biofuels directive requires a minimum level of biofuels as a proportion of fuels sold in the European Union of 2% by 2005, 5.75% by 2010 and 20% by 2020. Of course, as the President stated recently on TV, we don't have any such energy program yet. And I doubt we will anytime soon. The main green fuels will be ethanol and biodiesel, and demand for biodiesel is expected to be up to 10.5 billion litres just in European countries by 2010.

Folks... this "biodiesel" thing is going to happen whether you like it or not! I know there are a lot of farmers, entrepreneurs, and investors reading this who can cash in on this biodiesl craze. They are already doing it big time in Europe so it's just a matter of time before it happens here. And by "it", I mean using Jatropha to make biodiesel. This industry will grow very quickly - start planting Jatropha TODAY and then start making biodiesel to generate your own electricity!

About the Author

For more information on biodiesel and generating electricity using biodiesel, please visit Bill Anderson's website at http://www.biodieselmake.com